This paper reviews tritium measurement techniques,which can be divided into two main categories based on measurement principles:direct physical measurement and radioactive measurement.The principles and characteristics of methods such as volumetric method,gravimetric method,mass spectrometry,gas chromatography,Raman spectroscopy,calorimetry,ionization chamber method,liquid scintillation counting method,bremsstrahlung measurement,and tritium imaging techniques are discussed in detail.Finally,based on existing technologies,it is proposed that tritium measurement techniques should continue to develop toward the integration of multiple technologies,online real-time monitoring,and portability.
MullerR A. Radioisotope dating with a cyclotron:The sensitivity of radioisotope dating is improved by counting atoms rather than decays[J]. Science, 1977, 196(4289):489-494.
[5]
KingS E, PhillipsG W, AugustR A, et al. Detection of tritium using accelerator mass spectrometry[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1987, 29(1/2):14-17.
[6]
GentyC, SchottR. Quantitative analysis for the isotopes of hydrogen—H2,HD,HT,D2,DT and T2—by gas chromatography[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1970, 42(1):7-11.
SaekiM, HirabayashiT, AratonoY, et al. Preparation of gas chromatographic column for separation of hydrogen isotopes and its application to analysis of commercially available tritium gas[J]. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 1983, 20:762-768.
[9]
VogdR, RingelH, HackfortH, et al. Gas chromatographic separation of hydrogen isotopes on molecular sieves[J]. Fusion Technology, 1988, 14:574-578.
[10]
TostiS. Gas chromatography and thermal cycling absorption techniques for hydrogen isotopes separation in water detritiation systems[J]. Hydrogen, 2023, 4(3):694-708.
[11]
SchlosserM, RuppS, SeitzH, et al. Accurate calibration of the laser raman system for the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment[J]. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2013, 1044:61-66.
[12]
LasserR, Caldwell-NicholS C, DorrL, et al. Analytic of tritium-containing gaseous species at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2001, 58:411-415.
[13]
FischerS, SturmM, SchlosserM, et al. Laser raman spectroscopy for Katrin[J]. Nuclear Physics B, 2012,229/230/231/232:492.
DörrL, BessererU, GrunhagenS, et al. High resolution vacuum calorimeter[J]. Fusion Science and Technology, 2005, 48(1):358-361.
[16]
AlecuC G, BessererU, BornscheinB, et al. Reachable accuracy and precision for tritium measurements by calorimetry at TLK[J]. Fusion Science and Technology, 2011, 60(3):937-940.
[17]
Bükki-DemeA, AlecuC G, KloppeB, et al. Current status of tritium calorimetry at TLK[J]. Fusion Science and Technology, 2015, 67(2):282-285.
RajaV, BabuD A R, SharmaD N. Low level current measurements for tritium monitor[C]. Proceedings of the symposium on advanced measurement techniques and instrumentation. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,2011:42.
EbenhöchS, NiemesS, PriesterF, et al. Investigations of the applicability of a new accountancy tool in a closed tritium loop[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2016, 109:1376-1379.
MatsuyamaM, TorikaiY, HaraM, et al. New technique for non-destructive measurements of tritium in future fusion reactors[J]. Nuclear Fusion, 2007, 47(7):S464.
KangK, BaeJ W, KimH R. Detection of tritium generated by proton exchange membrane electrolysis by optimization of electrolysis conditions[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2019, 322(3):1417-1421.
[30]
LiQ, ChuS N, WangC L, et al. Development of continuous measurement method for tritium in water based on CaF2 (Eu) particles and wavelength shift fibers[J]. Journal of Instrumentation, 2025, 20(3):P03022.