Phosphate-mediated activated sludge biochar (SBC) is utilized for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) from simulated wastewater.The addition of phosphate alters the electronic structure of sludge biochar,improving the stability of oxygen vacancies in sludge biochar and compensating for the charge of unsaturated coordination atoms surrounding these vacancies.Phosphate-mediated electronic structure facilitates the adsorption and activation of H2O and O2,and prevent these atoms from filling oxygen vacancies.The removal efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) by phosphate modified sludge biochar (PSBC) is improved to 98.39%,with an adsorption capacity of 9.88 mg/g.The adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model.A high density of oxygen vacancies serve as the primary active sites,strengthening the complexation of Cr(Ⅵ) with ·COOH and ·OH functional groups,thereby achieving efficient and rapid adsorption.
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