To quantify their effectiveness,the Carbon Return on Investment (CROI) assessment method is introduced,offering a new assessment perspective beyond traditional techno-economic assessment.Based on systematically analyzing CROI’s concept,principles,and methods,this study demonstrates the application value of CROI through applying it to the cases of CO2 hydrogenation to produce methane and methanol.Findings show that CROI is a robust indicator for assessing CCUS technology’s utilization and sequestration efficiencies.The assessment criteria can quickly determine whether CCUS technology has environmental sustainability.CROI assessment results are highly sensitive to system boundaries.As for CO2 hydrogenation to methane and methanol processes,the impact of H2 source on CROI is more than that of CO2 source.Comparing CO2 to methanol route with CO2 to methane route,methanol production requires cleaner H2 than methane production.
随着碳中和目标的提出,碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)作为一种关键的负碳技术受到了世界各国的高度重视。CCUS技术作为传统化石能源低碳利用的技术手段,与耦合新能源技术实现负碳排放的关键技术选择,已经成为各国实现碳中和目标不可或缺的重要战略抓手[1]。我国政府十分注重CCUS技术的发展,当前我国已投运或处于建设中的CCUS示范项目遍布多个省份[2]。当前CCUS技术方向选择众多,评价体系复杂,缺乏统一、系统性的CCUS评价方法。为量化不同CCUS技术发展路径在碳减排方面的实施效能,本研究引入碳投入回报(Carbon Return on Investment,CROI),旨在建立碳中和目标下突破传统技术经济评价的新型评价角度,为政府、CCUS技术投资方等利益相关者提供决策参考。
为简化不必要的工业过程,假设CO2捕集与利用同地区,忽略CO2运输阶段。CO2利用分为H2制备、CO2捕集以及利用CO2生产甲烷和甲醇3个阶段。H2制备阶段,参考Ji等[11]汇总的17种不同制备方案下单位H2生成所排放的CO2排放均值,本案例中灰氢、蓝氢和绿氢的碳排放数据分别参考不同制备方案下CO2排放均值。CO2捕集以及利用CO2生产甲烷和甲醇,参考Hoppe等[10]和Johansson等[12]来自模拟和工业过程。过程的CO2排放数据,单位电能的碳排放将依据我国生态环境部2022年最新发布的电网排放因子0.581 0 t CO2/MWh核算。各阶段数据基础见表1。
表2中,煤气化制氢提供H2源生产甲烷的CROI评价结果均小于1,表明该路径下的甲烷生产技术并非负碳技术,CO2净利用结果均小于0,表示在生产1 t甲烷时,系统中3种CO2来源对应的环节都会向外排放CO2;耦合CCS技术的蒸气甲烷制氢提供H2源生产甲烷的CROI评价结果均大于1,CO2净利用大于0,表明该生产情景属于负碳生产,且生产1 t甲烷在3种CO2来源中分别能实现0.15、0.11 t CO2和0.09 t CO2净减排;光伏发电制氢情景中,CROI评价结果均大于1,CO2净利用大于0,3种碳源对应的系统分别可实现0.96、0.82 t CO2和0.79 t CO2净利用。
表3中,煤气化提供H2源生产甲醇的CROI均小于1,无论碳源来自何处,生产1 t甲醇,系统会向外排放超过0.7 t CO2;耦合CCS技术的蒸气甲烷制氢生产甲醇时,CROI高于煤气化制氢生产甲醇路径,但仍然小于1,同样会使得系统向外排放CO2;光伏发电提供H2生产甲醇时,CROI>1,CO2净利用>0,系统可实现CO2负排放。
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