针对工业中乳化废液的破乳除油需求与难题,首先分析了各类工业乳化废液的水质情况,然后探讨了近年来主流化学破乳剂的破乳机理,并讨论了机理间的协同作用。对近年来关注度较高的聚醚类破乳剂、星型/超支化破乳剂、天然破乳剂及其改性破乳剂和磁性纳米颗粒破乳剂的结构和性能特点进行了综述,并对不同类型的破乳剂的优缺点进行评价与总结。在此基础上,提出了各类破乳剂在研究及应用过程中存在的某些共性问题,如不具有普遍适用性、缺乏对实际乳化废液使用情况的精确分析测试、在研发与应用方面存在局限性。因此,为了提高破乳效能,除了研究破乳剂本身以外,更要针对各领域的实际乳化废液进行破乳分析测试,以获得效率更高、普适性更强的高效破乳剂。

This review addresses the requirements and problems of demulsification and oil removal for emulsified waste liquid in the industry.The water quality of various industrial emulsified waste liquid is analyzed,and the demulsification mechanism of mainstream chemical demulsifiers developed in recent years is discussed,and the synergy effects between different mechanisms are also explored.The structure,characteristics and performance of various demulsifiers,which have attracted much attention in recent years,including polyether demulsifiers,star/hyperbranched demulsifiers,natural demulsifiers,modified natural demulsifiers,and magnetic nanoparticle demulsifiers,are reviewed.The advantages and disadvantages of various demulsifiers are evaluated and summarized.On these basis,some common problems in the research and application of various currently-used demulsifiers are also proposed,for example,many of them are not universally applicable;accurate analysis and testing for the application in actual emulsified waste liquid are lacked;there exist limitations in terms of R&D and application.Therefore,besides the synthesis of demulsifiers,it is necessary to conduct demulsification analysis and testing for actual emulsified waste liquid in various fields,which can help the development of more efficient and universally efficient demulsifiers with improved demulsification efficiency.

崔涛(1999-),男,硕士生;。