简述了正渗透过程的基本原理；介绍了气体溶液、无机盐类、有机类、磁性纳米粒子、水凝胶等汲取液的性能特点及研究进展；详述了醋酸纤维素类膜、聚酰胺类薄层复合膜、水通道蛋白膜等正渗透膜的特征性能、存在问题及研究现状；综述了正渗透技术在海水淡化、污水处理和工业废水处理领域的应用研究进展；展望了正渗透水处理技术的发展前景。

Basic principles of forward osmosis process are introduced. The characteristics of draw solution such as gaseous solution, inorganic salt solution, organic solution, magnetic nanoparticle solution, and hydrogels are summarized, and the relating research progress is also reviewed. Furthermore, the characteristics, existing problems and research status of several forward osmosis membranes, such as cellulose acetate membrane, polyamide thin-layer composite membrane, and aquaporin membrane, are systematically summarized. Research progress on the application of forward osmosis technologies in the fields of seawater desalination, sewage treatment, and industrial wastewater treatment is reviewed. Development prospect of forward osmosis water treatment technology is expected.