In 2024,China’s refined oil market has performed weakly.The oil refining capacity remained at a high level throughout the year,and the average operation rate fell slightly.The overall crude oil processing amount remained stable,and the output of refined oil products declined slightly.The whole year’s export of refined oil products declined year-on-year.The apparent consumption of refined oil products turned from increasing to decreasing,however,the consumption of kerosene increased significantly year-on-year.The production/sale ratios of gasoline and diesel in independent refineries have fluctuated at a high level,and the commercial inventory of refined oil products fell as a whole.The volatility of international crude oil prices weakened,and the wholesale prices of refined oil production went down in fluctuated ways.A number of management measures and regulations related to refined oil products have been issued in China to standardize the operation of the refined oil products market,help the refining industry save energy and reduce carbon dioxide emission,and promote the high-quality development of the refined oil industry.In 2025 in China,the management to the refined oil industry will be more standardized,the total refining capacity will continue to maintain a high level,the total output of refined oil products may reach a peak,the apparent consumption of refined oil products will continue to decline,and the market pressure between supply and demand will still exist.In 2025,the international crude oil price will move down as a whole,and the average prices of Brent and WTI crude oil are expected to be in the range of 67-77 US dollars per barrel and 62-72 US dollars per barrel,respectively.

The patent application trend and layout of carbon capture technology are analyzed with main patent applicants as the study target,and the technological development routes of their main carbon capture technologies are analyzed.Through the analysis,it is found that the annual patent applications of Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd and Toshiba Corp have passed their peaks,and the annual patent applications of China Huaneng and Sinopec have maintained a growing trend.Main applicants all take the absorption process as the main development direction.Multi-component amine complex absorbent system is the main development direction at present.Phase change absorbent and ionic liquid absorbent are expected to become the future development directions.In recent years,the coupling process of absorption method and carbon utilization or carbon storage technology have received more attention.

Developing green hydrogen-based energy is an important way for China to guarantee energy security and achieve the “carbon dioxide emission peaking and carbon neutrality” goals.High-efficiency and low-cost storage and transport methods are one of the key factors to reduce the cost of hydrogen-based energy end-use application.How a stable and economic hydrogen energy supply system is built has become a key task to be solved by China’s hydrogen energy industry.Firstly,this review summarizes the characteristics and development status of multiple storage and transport technologies for hydrogen-based energy,and analyzes the technical economy of multiple storage and transport methods for hydrogen-based energy systematically,while compares pipeline hydrogen transmission with grid power transmission technology.It is concluded that within the 200 km of transport range,long tube trailer is currently a transportation method with more mature technology,lower cost,and relatively flexible application.In the case of restricted ultra-high voltage power transmission corridors in the future,the development of pipeline hydrogen transmission will help to expand China’s energy transmission pathway across regions.In the long term,pipeline hydrogen transmission will become the best choice for long-distance hydrogen transport when large-scale hydrogen demand is realized.

Hydrogen pipeline transportation encompasses high-pressure gaseous hydrogen transport and liquid hydrogen-based energy carriers (such as liquid ammonia or methanol) transport.These pipelines can be newly constructed or converted from existing pipelines,and there is already a foundation for their development.However,they still confront dual challenges from technology and economy.This paper introduces the technical classifications and principles of hydrogen pipeline transportation,provides evaluation indicators,summarizes the current status and trends of hydrogen pipeline transportation development both in China and in the globe,and analyzes the key technologies and economy of hydrogen pipeline transportation.Hydrogen pipeline transportation,with its technical feasibility,is poised for scaled development,and expected to become the most efficient and economical method for large-scale and long-distance hydrogen transportation.

The preparation process for Pickering nano-emulsion is introduced,the factors influencing the particle size of Pickering nano-emulsion are summarized,and global progress on the application of Pickering nano-emulsion in medicine,food and enhanced oil recovery is summed up.Finally,the challenges faced by Pickering nano-emulsion at present are discussed,and the future development and application prospects are proposed.According to the specific application scenario,the type of solid particles is selected,and the preparation of low-energy,low-cost,and sustainable Pickering nano-emulsion will be the development direction in the future.

Current research situation of aromatic hydrocarbons production from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics is summarized,and the impacts of plastic type,catalyst,temperature and biomass-to-plastic ratio (B∶P) on aromatic hydrocarbons production are evaluated.Different plastics generate different products in pyrolysis process due to the differences in their chemical structure,which has significant impact on the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and conversion efficiency.The selection of catalysts is crucial to the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons,and the commonly used catalysts,such as ZSM-5 and HZSM-5,can effectively promote the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons.Pyrolysis temperature has a direct impact on the reaction rate,and the appropriate temperature can improve the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons.The adjustment of B∶P ratio affects the ratio of carbon to hydrogen,and thus affects the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons.Optimization of the co-pyrolysis conditions can significantly increase the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and provide an effective way for the efficient acquisition of aromatic hydrocarbons.

The preparation process for coal-based carbon materials is reviewed from different dimensions,and their application situation in metal ion batteries and metal ion capacitors is summarized.The development trend of coal-based carbon materials in the future is also prospected,aiming to provide reference for the efficient and clean utilization of coal,and its large-scale application in metal ion batteries and metal ion capacitors.

The photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants by layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their composite materials is taken as the target,the research progress on LDHs and their composite materials as photocatalysts is summed up from a large number of literature,and the common strategies for regulating their performance are summarized,including element doping,constructing heterojunctions,morphology regulation,manufacturing oxygen vacancies,topological transformation,etc.Additionally,the pathways of free radicals generation in photocatalytic reactions are summarized,followed by the related characterization methods and the application of theoretical calculation.Finally,an analysis is conducted on the problems existed in the photocatalysis field,and the development in the future is prospected.

The applications of high entropy materials catalysts,high entropy materials-supporting catalysts,and high entropy materials supported catalysts in catalytic hydrogenation in recent years are reviewed.Three different types of hydrogenation process,including thermal catalysis,electrocatalysis,and photocatalysis,are expounded.The problems that need to be solved for the development of high entropy catalysts in the future,and the corresponding research directions are analyzed.

The performance of heterogeneous cobalt-based bimetallic oxides synergistically activated persulfates in the degradation of pollutants is expounded.Cobalt-based bimetallic catalysts construct a metal ion redox cycle system through the synergistic effect of two metals,which can significantly improve the activity of the catalysts,and avoid the slow efficiency and instability problems that single metal system has.The performance of cobalt-based bimetallic oxides compounded carbonaceous materials in activating persulfates is explored.The composite materials have a large specific surface area and more oxygen-containing functional groups,which can regulate the structure of catalyst,improve electron transfer rate,significantly improve the activity of catalyst,while reduce cobalt leaching,and enhance the materials’ reusability.Mechanism studies show that as for different pollutants,free radical degradation plays different dominant role from that non free radical degradation does.Transition metals activate persulfate to generate strong free radicals,while carbon radicals have both free radical and non free radical degradation pathways.A prospect for future research on the activation of persulfate by cobalt-based bimetallic oxides compounded carbon materials is given.

From the structure of lignin,this article summarizes and discusses the research progress in the direction of lignin depolymerization in recent years,especially the studies on polyoxometalates in the catalytic oxidative depolymerization of lignin.It also puts forward views on the future application prospects of lignin and the problems that need to be solved.

Global research progress on conductive cement-based composite materials in recent years is reviewed from the aspects of conductive powder fillers,conductive fiber fillers,conductive nano fillers,etc.Reasonable suggestions are given in the light of the existed defects and deficiencies of conductive cement-based composites at present.Finally,the development direction and application prospects of conductive cement-based composites in the future are predicted.

Research progress on the modification of lithium storage performance of common cobalt-based compounds in recent years is introduced,including crystal structure characteristics of common cobalt-based compounds.The analysis results indicate that the specific surface area of cobalt-based compounds can be increased by combining with nano carbon materials,which can effectively relieve the volume expansion of electrodes during charging and discharging.Compounding metal oxides can bring in a synergistic effect with cobalt-based compounds,improving ion conductivity.Elements doping can help to change the band structure of materials,further increases ion transport rate.Taking metal organic frameworks as raw materials can provide plenty of active sites,which is beneficial to improve the lithium storage capacity of the materials.

This review highlights the latest advancements in photo cross-linking gelatin-based gels for loading drug,summarizing and analyzing the common construction methods.The application situation of photo cross-linking gelatin-based gels for loading drug in wound healing,bone repair,nerve regeneration,and tissue engineering scaffolds is reviewed,while the problems and challenges faced by photo cross-linking gelatin-based gels for loading drug are analyzed,and their prospects in the future is predicted.

This article reviews the latest research progress on catalyst-assisted solvent regeneration technology in low-temperature energy-saving CO₂ desorption.Several types of common solid acid catalysts are expounded,and the characteristics,drawbacks and current research results achieved for each catalyst are described.According to the latest research results,the promotion mechanism of catalyst-catalyzed CO₂ desorption and the promotion action of two kinds of acid active sites,Lewis acid and Brønsted acid,are studied.Finally,the current problems existed in catalytic solvent regeneration for post-combustion CO₂ capture are analyzed to provide ideas for research direction in the future.

The development status and technical features of various absorbents are firstly reviewed,followed by the analysis on various absorption and desorption enhancement technologies as well as their application scenarios.Finally,the development and application prospects of chemical absorption method are envisioned.This comprehensive review indicates that at present,the studies on chemical absorption method should emphasize continually on the absorbents with better overall thermodynamic and kinetic performances,such as ionic liquid absorbents,phase change absorbents and poor water absorbents,the absorption and desorption process enhancement technologies,such as chemical desorption and nanofluids,and the engineering application to carbon capture scenarios with large flue gas flow and low concentration.In the future,the research on chemical absorption method should keep on developing efficient and low energy consumption absorbents,focus on developing novel absorbents that balance well between environmentally friendliness and efficiency,integrate absorption and desorption process enhancement technologies to reduce energy consumption and absorbent loss,and recover or utilize the remaining energy or components in tail gas after removal of CO₂ to compensate the capture cost.Taking use of renewable power and heat to drive carbon capture applications as per local conditions will be another developing trend.

The research progress on flexible ammonia synthesis technology and its application prospects in the context of renewable energy are introduced.Global current status of this technology is summarized.The advantages of flexible ammonia synthesis technology are analyzed in terms of safety,techno-economy and energy efficiency.Through optimizing the catalysts and process flow,flexible ammonia synthesis technology can adapt to the fluctuation of renewable energy,reduce the risk of equipment stress fatigue,and enhance energy utilization efficiency.Based on the current research progress,future development direction for flexible ammonia synthesis technology is proposed,including further optimization of reactor design,improvement of system safety,and promotion of its large-scale application in the green ammonia industry.

Based on the corrosion promoting activity of TiO₂,a novel “titanium-copper” composite antifouling agent is proposed,that is,TiO₂ mixes with metal copper powder to accelerate the corrosion of Cu and release Cu²⁺ that possesses antifouling performance.The structure and properties of TiO₂ are controlled by adjusting the preparation process to realize the controllable release of Cu²⁺,and further achieve the preparation of marine antifouling coatings.The intermediate products in a certain sulfuric acid-route titanium dioxide manufacturing company in China,including primary hydrolysis products,alkali neutralization primary hydrolysis products,secondary hydrolysis products and a mixture of secondary hydrolysis products plus rutile crystal seed are respectively used as the precursors for calcination.The impacts of preparation technology,crystal form,morphology,size distribution,material work function,oxygen reduction catalytic activity,electrical conductivity and other factors on the Cu²⁺-releasing performance of titanium-copper composite antifouling agent are investigated.The effect on Cu²⁺-releasing performance of titanium-copper antifouling agent is further quantitatively analyzed through machine learning method.Study results show that the main factors affecting the Cu²⁺-release performance of titanium-copper antifouling agent,in descending order,are crystal form,band gap,grain size,conduction band potential and electron transfer number.The titanium-copper composite antifouling agent using the TiO₂ obtained by heating the precursor at 400℃ has the best antifouling effect in the real sea hanging film test.

Aiming at the blocking failure and formation plugging problems caused by the inaccurate positioning to water emergence layer in the process of oilfield profile control and water blocking,chromium gel and phenolic resin gel are taken to simulate the formation blockages,which are degraded by nano-MnO₂ activated permonosulfate (PMS).The results show that nano-MnO₂ can effectively activate PMS to degrade polymer gel,and sulfate radicals play a major role in the degradation process.The optimal experimental conditions for the degradation of chromium gel by PMS/nano-MnO₂ system at 35℃ are as follows:mass fraction of MnO₂ is 0.03%,and mass fraction of PMS is 3.6%,under which chromium gel has completely been degraded within 20 h.It is found that the increase of PMS concentration,MnO₂ dosage and temperature all can promote the degradation of phenolic resin gel by PMS/nano-MnO₂ system to varying degrees.Under the same conditions,the gel-breaking performance of PMS/nano-MnO₂ system is significantly better than that of the conventional unblocking systems.

The micro-nano structure and specific surface area of gas sensing materials limit the practical application of gas sensors.In this work,a nano-FeS gas sensing material with a large specific area is prepared via electrochemical deposition method.The prepared FeS nanosheets construct three-dimensional micro/nanospheres,which significantly increases the specific surface area and facilitates to capture target gas molecules.In addition,the electrochemical rapid growth process is easy to generate more point defects (active sites) on the nanosheets,which is conducive to the rapid response of the gas sensor.Therefore,after two months since the gas sensor is fabricated,FeS nanomaterial still exhibits high response rate,which presents a response value of 12.0 and a response time of 3 s to 50 μL·L^-1 ethanol at 300℃,and lower detection limit,which gives a response of 3.4 to 2 μL·L^-1 ethanol.

As the most promising catalyst for nitrous oxide (N₂O) catalytic decomposition reaction,Co₃O₄ faces the problems of high reaction temperature and poor resistance to impurity gases.In this study,Co₃O₄ catalyst is designed in terms of microstructure,and the defective Co₃O₄ catalyst is prepared by appropriately etching the surface of Co₃O₄ in an acidic environment to improve its catalytic performance for the decomposition of N₂O.Results show that the 0.2MCo₃O₄-N catalyst obtained after treating with Co₃O₄ by 0.2 mol·L^-1 nitric acid for 1 h at room temperature has the best catalytic activity.The complete catalytic decomposition temperature of N₂O drops from 475℃ over Co₃O₄ alone to 400℃ over 0.2MCo₃O₄-N.Due to nitric acid treatment,a large number of defect sites are generated on the surface of 0.2MCo₃O₄-N,making its specific surface area double that before the treatment.The 0.2MCo₃O₄-N catalyst has a certain mesoporous structure with a pore size of about 5.6 nm.Due to the generation of defect sites,the Co—O bonds on the surface of catalyst are weakened.In addition,the obtained catalyst has good catalytic stability,and the catalytic performance of the catalyst hardly degrades after 10 h of continuous reaction at 400℃ under the coexistence of 5% O₂ and 100 μL·L^-1 NO impurity gas in the reactive gas.

Ni doped a-MoS_x(Ni-a-MoS_x) catalysts with a unique three-dimensional worm-like structure and abundant unsaturated Mo⁴⁺ sites are synthesized via one-step oil bath method,and applied in the degradation of norfloxacin.It is verified that under the optimal conditions,the degradation efficiency of norfloxacin in 2% Ni-a-MoS_x activated peroxomonosulfate (PMS) system can reach 94.21% within 30 min.Large number of Mo⁴⁺ sites lead to a rearrangement of charge distribution,which promotes more electron transfer and significantly enhances PMS’s activation ability.Sacrificial agent and EPR experiments indicate that singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is the main active species for norfloxacin degradation in the system.DFT calculation reveals that PMS exhibits a lower adsorption energy barrier on Ni-a-MoS_x,which favors a shorter electron transfer pathway and promotes PMS dissociation.Meanwhile,the smaller impedance of 2% Ni-a-MoS_x suggests its strong electron transfer ability.Moreover,the efficient catalytic performance and stable structure of 2% Ni-a-MoS_x are demonstrated in the degradation of different pollutants and continuous cycling experiments.

Different Mn doped CoCuMnx/Al₂O₃ catalysts are prepared via an equal volume impregnation method,and the influences of Mn additive on the structure and catalytic performance of the catalysts are studied.The prepared catalysts are characterized by means of XRD,XPS,SEM,BET,H₂-TPR and CO₂-TPD.Results show that Mn acts as a structural aid to disperse other active metal components in the catalyst,and there exist electron transfer and interaction between Co and Mn atoms on the surface of the catalyst.Mn additive helps to disperse metal active phases,increase intermediate and strong acidic sites,increase CO₂ non dissociative adsorption sites,and effectively improve catalytic activity.Under reaction conditions such as 300℃,3 MPa and 4 800 h^-1,CoCuMn₁/Al₂O₃ catalyst with a Mn molar ratio of 1 helps to achieve a CO₂ conversion rate of 46.9%,a CO selectivity of 2.2%,and a CH₄ selectivity of 95.2%.Therefore,the structure of the catalysts can be effectively regulated through precisely controlling the dosage of Mn additive,thereby achieving excellent catalytic activity for CO₂ hydrogenation methanation.

A stable Z-type CoPc/K/Na@CN heterojunction composite is fabricated via simple self-assembly of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) on the surface of K/Na-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets,and used as a recyclable photocatalyst to realize the direct photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine to N-benzylidene benzylamine and H₂O₂ at room temperature under irradiation by an 60 W blue LED lamp.Under the optimum reaction conditions,N-benzylidene benzylamine and hydrogen peroxide are obtained,with a conversion rate of 97% for benzylamine,and a production rate of 113.7 μmol/(g·h) for hydrogen peroxide.After simple centrifugation,washing with solvent and drying under vacuum,CoPc/K/Na@CN heterojunction composite can be recovered and recycled for five times,and its photocatalytic activity remains basically unchanged.

To address insufficient temperature and salt resistance of current filtration loss reducer for water-based drilling fluid,a novel filtration loss reducer with temperature and salt resistance,DASAN,is synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization method by using N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA),acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS),sulfobetaine (SPE),allyl polyoxyethylene ether (APEG-2400),and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) as monomers.The synthesis conditions are optimized through single-factor method.The molecular structure and molecular weight of DASAN copolymer are determined by means of FT-IR and gel chromatograph (GPC),and the thermogravimetric stability is analyzed by means of TGA.It is shown by the results that the filtrate loss amount is 8.6 mL when the mass fraction of DASAN is 1.5% and the aging is done at 200℃.The filtrate loss amount is 3.7 mL in 36% NaCl slurry and 7.3 mL in 1.0% CaCl₂ slurry.DASAN also exhibits excellent composite salt tolerance.Through the analysis of morphology,Zeta potential and particle size,it is verified that DASAN can effectively improve the quality of filter cake,enhance the electrostatic stability and reduce the size of clay particles,as a way to achieve the effect of reducing the filtration loss.

To explore the impact of magnesium impurity in the by-product ferrous sulfate on the photocatalytic activity,Mg(Ⅱ)-α-Fe₂O₃ nano-material is prepared through simultaneously adding a certain amount of magnesium sulfate in reducing ferrous sulfate with FeS.The prepared Mg(Ⅱ)-α-Fe₂O₃ nano-material is used as a photocatalyst to degrade methyl orange in wastewater.XRD,FT-IR,and SEM are employed to analyze the structural performance of Mg(Ⅱ)-α-Fe₂O₃ nano-material.Analysis results show that the pure phase Mg(Ⅱ)-α-Fe₂O₃ nano-material is successfully synthesized via solid-phase reduction method,which has a spherical like structure and an average nanoparticle size of 56 nm.The photocatalytic degradation experiment shows that the degradation rate of methyl orange solution with a initial mass concentration of 15 mg·L^-1 approaches to 100% within 45 minutes of light illumination under a solid-liquid ratio of 2 g·L^-1.

W-Nb₂O₅/C nano-composite materials are synthesized through the hydrothermal method.The morphology and structure of W-Nb₂O₅/C are characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The electrochemical properties of the materials for sodium ion batteries are studied.Results indicate that the 5% W-Nb₂O₅/C composite material has the best electrochemical performance,which presents a discharge specific capacity of 191.0 mAh·g^-1 and a capacity retention rate of 70.2% after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA·g^-1 and a voltage range of 0.01-3.0 V.At a current density as high as 500 mAh·g^-1,its discharge specific capacity is still 130.7 mAh·g^-1 after 500 cycles.W⁶⁺ doping can improve the specific capacity of the electrode material,and carbon composite can enhance the electronic conductivity of Nb₂O₅ nano-sheet material,resulting in good cycling performance and excellent rate performance.

Focusing on the problem that the surface modification layer of magnetic demulsifier is easy to fall off,which leads to poor recovery performance,a surface bionic modification solution that grafts polyether surfactant on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is proposed.The demulsification effects of polydopamine modified Fe₃O₄ (Fe₃O₄@PDA) and polydopamine bionic adhesion polyether modified Fe₃O₄ (Fe₃O₄@PDA-EDEP) are compared,and the influences of magnetic demulsifier concentration,demulsification time and demulsification temperature on the demulsification effect are studied.Demulsification experiment results show that the best demulsification efficiency,99.55%,is realized when the dosage of Fe₃O₄@PDA-EDEP is 600 mg·L^-1,the demulsification time is 80 min,and the demulsification temperature is 60℃.In addition,the recovery experiments are conducted for Fe₃O₄@PDA and Fe₃O₄@PDA-EDEP to compare their recyclable performance.The demulsification efficiency of Fe₃O₄@PDA-EDEP remains above 99% in the first 8 times,proving its excellent recyclable performance and demulsification efficiency.

Geopolymer porous material with rich pore structure is prepared from blast furnace nickel-iron slag under the activation conditions of NaOH and sodium silicate,and used to adsorb Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),and Cr(Ⅵ) in wastewater.The influences of adsorbent dosage,solution pH,contact time and the initial concentrations of metal ions as well as temperature on the adsorption effect are studied.The relevant characterization and adsorption results indicate that the removal rates of Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),Cr(Ⅵ) by the geopolymer porous material made from blast furnace nickel-iron slag can reach 91.3%,93.1% and 96.5% at a pH of 5,5 and 1,respectively.The adsorption kinetics and isotherm results show that the adsorption process of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) by the material is in accordance with the pseudo second order kinetic model,and that of Cr(Ⅵ) is in accordance with the first order kinetic model.Furthermore,and the adsorption processes for the three kinds of heavy metals are in accordance with the Langmuir model.It is indicated that the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),and Cr(Ⅵ) on the surface of the prepared geopolymer porous material is dominated by the monomolecular layer adsorption.

A Ni-Mo-N heterostructure electrocatalyst is fabricated by using a hydrothermal-nitridation method and regulating the nitridation temperature.A series of characterization show that the nano-array structure composed of Ni₃N/Ni_0.2Mo_0.8N heterostructure is formed under a nitridation temperature of 500℃.By virtue of the rich interfaces and fast electron transport ability,Ni₃N/Ni_0.2Mo_0.8N catalyst exhibits superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and stability under alkaline conditions.The overpotential of Ni₃N/Ni_0.2Mo_0.8N catalyst is 61 mV only at a current density of 10 mA·cm^-2.The intrinsic activity of Ni₃N/Ni_0.2Mo_0.8N is significantly higher than that of Ni₃N.

In view of the limited application of photocatalysis technology in electroplating wastewater treatment industry,TiO₂/LDH composite materials are synthesized via urea hydrothermal method,and characterized.Fe(Ⅵ)-TiO₂/LDH photocatalysis collaborative system is constructed with externally adding K₂FeO₄ to treat the simulated electroplating deoiling wastewater.The effect and reaction principle in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and COD under different reaction conditions are explored.Results show that the degradation rates of SDBS and COD reach 95.45% and 76.87%,both the highest,respectively when the dosages of K₂FeO₄ and TiO₂/LDH are 800 mg·L^-1 and 1 000 mg·L^-1,respectively,pH=9 and reaction temperature is 30℃.

Based on IrO₂ electrode,an electrochemically-activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system is constructed to achieve efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH).The investigation is conducted for the impacts of the process parameters of electrochemical activation and typical water background components on TCH degradation,along with the identification of dominant active species.Results demonstrate that TCH degradation efficiency reaches 75.84% within 3 h of electrolysis under the optimized conditions that current density is 30 mA·cm^-2,PDS concentration is 5 mmol·L^-1,agitation speed is 400 r·min^-1,and initial TCH concentration is 50 mg·L^-1.Water matrices analysis reveals that Cl^- substantially promotes the degradation of TCH,while {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}, {\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-},and {\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} exhibit a certain inhibitory effect.Radical quenching experiments and kinetic study identify that sulfate radical (SO₄·^-),hydroxyl radical (·OH),and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) are the main active species generated in the system,in particular,¹O₂ contributes dominantly (64.03%) to the degradation of TCH.

Cyclic hydrogen and crude aniline in aniline production plant are utilized to optimize the synthesis process of cyclohexylamine.The process for preparing cyclohexylamine via hydrogenation in a fixed bed is studied through analyzing the composition of condensate of vacuum tail gas from aniline production plant,and innovating the laboratory cyclohexylamine synthesis pilot plant.The influences of different raw material purity,hydrogen purity,catalyst,hydrogen-to-oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the hydrogenation of aniline to cyclohexylamine are analyzed.The results show that aniline vacuum tail gas condensate after distillation can be used as raw material for cyclohexylamine production.Both reaction temperature and hydrogen-to-oil molar ratio have some impact on the reaction,while the other factors have little influences.At a reaction temperature of 165℃ and a hydrogen-to-oil molar ratio of 12∶1,the conversion rate of aniline is 100%,and the selectivity of cyclohexylamine (including cyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine) reaches 98.8%.

Taking the explosives wastewater as the research object,the treatment efficiency of electrocatalytic technology is verified.Combined with the changes of spectral characteristics,molecular composition and biological toxicity of pollutants,the “pollution reduction and toxicity reduction” mechanism is revealed from the microscopic level.It is indicated that the removal rates of NB,COD and TN by Ti/TiO₂-NTs/SnO₂-Sb-Nd-Pt electrode reach 91.5%,84.1% and 41.1%,respectively.The energy consumption in removing 1 kg NB and 1 kg COD are 140.4 kWh and 58.2 kWh,respectively,which are lower than those by Ti/PbO₂ electrode.Nitro-monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater are firstly reduced to aniline,then oxidized to azoxybenzene and 4-phenylazophenol,and ultimately,the rings are opened and the chains are broken until mineralization.Nitro-bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are generated into nitro-monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through breaking the chains,and then undergo a similar degradation process,which significantly reduces the toxicity of wastewater and improves the biodegradability of wastewater.The half-effect concentration (EC₅₀) value of wastewater increases from 8.8% to 71.2%,and BOD₅/COD ratio increases from 0.048 to 0.211.

A highly dispersed Pd/C-1 nanocatalyst is synthesized through using self-developed mesoporous activated carbon as a carrier to be treated for surface functionalization,and then to load Pd via an impregnation precipitation method.According to China’s national standard GB/T 37359—2019,the evaluation experiment is conducted to the catalyst obtained.It is shown by the results that the conversion rate of N-benzylanilinethe can reach 58.95% over the self-made Pd/C-1 catalyst,which is 1.22 times that over commercial Pd/C catalysts.The self-made carbon carrier and Pd/C-1 catalyst are analyzed by means of BET,XRD,FT-IR,HRTEM,SEM,XPS,and H₂-TPR testing methods.It is shown that the high pore volume and high mesoporous proportion of the carrier,as well as the high dispersion of Pd nanoparticles on the carrier are the key factors significantly improving the performance of Pd/C-1 catalyst for hydrogen liberating benzyl.

A series of CuZn/SiO₂ catalysts with different Zn contents are prepared via ammonia evaporation method,and used for hydrogenation of dimethyl malonate (DMM) to 1,3-propylenediol (1,3-PDO).The structure-activity relationship of the catalysts is studied by means of XRD,H₂-TPR,N₂-adsorption and XPS characterization.It is found that the addition of Zn destroys the structure of part of the layered copper silicate,promotes the formation and dispersion of CuO,and increases the selectivity for 1,3-PDO.The interaction between Zn,Cu and Si changes the electronic state of copper species.Cu⁺/(Cu⁺+Cu⁰) ratio on the catalyst after H₂ reduction is as follows:Cu/SiO₂>CuZn1/SiO₂>CuZn2/SiO₂.Under reaction temperature of 170℃,pressure of 4.0 MPa,a hydrogen-DMM ratio of 250 and a DMM mass space velocity of 0.15 g/(gcat·h),CuZn1/SiO₂ catalyst exhibits the best performance,delivering a DMM conversion rate of 97.9%,and a 1,3-PDO selectivity of 67.4%.It is indicated that the proper Cu⁺/(Cu⁺+Cu⁰) ratio is beneficial for DMM hydrogenation activity and 1,3-PDO selectivity of the catalyst.

The (Zn_0.2Ni_0.8)(OH)₂ electrode material is synthesized on nickel foam via hydrothermal method.The specific capacitance of the electrode material is 1,112 F·g^-1 at a current density of 1 A·g^-1.In order to improve the electrochemical performance of (Zn_0.2Ni_0.8)(OH)₂ electrode,its surface is treated by inductively coupled plasma.The results show that the microstructure of the treated (Zn_0.2Ni_0.8)(OH)₂ changes from a smooth flake structure to a rough honeycomb sphere,and the specific capacitance reaches 1,842 F·g^-1 at a current density of 1 A·g^-1,which represents an increase of 66%.

A new process is proposed for eluting benzene from coal gas,which uses two different absorbents to recover crude benzene and crude naphthalene,respectively.The composition of the absorbent in the simplified model is optimized by means of genetic algorithm.Based on the results from genetic algorithm optimization,xylene and washing oil are selected as the absorbents in the new process.Through optimizing the subsequent regeneration process and parameters,it is concluded that the regeneration energy consumption is the smallest when the flow rate of xylene lean solvent is 715 kg·h^-1 and the flow rate of semi-lean solvent is 11 900 kg·h^-1.Compared with the conventional process using washing oil alone,this new scheme reduces the cycling amount of absorbent by 24%,reduces the regeneration energy consumption by 25%,and achieves a preliminary BTX separation for crude benzene.

A preparation system is proposed for carbon products based on hydrothermal carbonization of sludge,which realizes simultaneously the preparation of hydrothermal carbon products and the treatment of sewage sludge,thereby achieving the re-utilization of sewage sludge.Sewage sludge is converted into hydrothermal carbon products through three processes such as hydrothermal carbonization,mechanical dehydration,and thermal drying.Compared with the traditional direct drying method,this system further reduces the content of water in hydrothermal carbon products,separates harmful substances out and improves the combustion performance of the carbon products.Aspen Plus software is employed to conduct thermodynamic modeling for the process of preparing hydrothermal carbon products from sewage sludge in this system,and perform energy analysis and economic analysis on the simulation results.It is shown that the energy utilization efficiency of the system for preparing hydrothermal carbon products is 52.01%,the payback period of the system is 2.73 years,and the net present value reaches RMB 2.290 921 2 billion,indicating high energy utilization efficiency and economic feasibility.

A certain synthetic rubber factory in Gansu province,China has a 30 m³·d^-1 rubber wastewater pretreatment plant,where the contents of COD and pulverized powder in influent are 3 500 mg·L^-1 and 350 mg·L^-1,respectively.Through laboratory test,the influences of various factors on the removal performance of the pretreatment plant are explored.The results show that the optimized ozone oxidation process can meet the requirements that the contents of COD and pulverized powder in effluent are less than 1 300 mg·L^-1 and 50 mg·L^-1,respectively when the initial pH is 8,ozone production is 1 kg·h^-1·m^-3,ozone concentration is 20 mg·L^-1 and the reaction time is 60 min.Through optimizing process operation and equipment parameters,combined with engineering investment and operating cost,the process scheme is determined as collection+slag regulation+dissolved air flotation+rough filtration+ultrafiltration+ozone contact oxidation.The qualified effluent from the renovated pretreatment plant is lifted by a pump into the primary wastewater system for further treatment.This renovation scheme has good promotion and application value.

Through renovating the process of the isomerization plant,N-pentane,isopentane,pentane foaming agent,n-hexane and isohexane are produced from light naphtha,pentane oil and extracted oil,which are the feedstocks in the original isomerization plant.The industrial test results show that the quality of isopentane product generated can meet the requirement of HG/T 5613—2019 “Industrial Isopentane” under the process conditions where both the original de-isopentane column and de-isohexane column remain unchanged,the diameter of isomerization stabilizing column is increased to 2 200 mm,and its tray number increases to 65.The mass fraction of n-pentane produced can reach 99%,the quality of pentane foaming agent product can meet the requirement of GB/T 22053—2008 “Pentane Foaming Agent”,the quality of n-hexane product can meet the requirement of GB/T 17602—2018 “Industrial Hexane”,and the quality of isohexane can meet the requirement of HG/T 5612—2019 “Industrial iso-Hexane”.This renovated technology can improve the added value of products and realize the rational allocation of resources.

Taking a kitchen waste re-utilization and harmless treatment plant in Yanji city,China as the research object,each process unit after process optimization is introduced,and the operation status and problems are analyzed.This plant has e design scale of 100 t/d.After optimizing the pretreatment process,the plant adopts “crushing+sorting pulp+high-temperature wet decomposition” as the main pretreatment process route.The optimized process has a significant improvement in both the operational stability and economic efficiency,the oil production rate of kitchen waste increases from 2.8% to 4.8%,while the residue production rate reduces from 35% to 10.2%,and the biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion system in this plant is able to meet the daily demand from the production of the plant.

It is necessary to determine precisely the conversion forms of sulfur and the content of each sulfur form in the leaching process to find out the gold-sulfur self-coordination mechanism in the chemical oxidation process of gold-bearing pyrite in an alkaline environment.Sulfur-containing compounds themselves are unstable in alkaline gold extraction process for gold-bearing pyrite,and may react with each other.Therefore,a method needs to be established to quickly measure these ions in the same system.The content of total sulfur in the leached solution is determined by means of inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer,and the contents of S₂ O_3^{2-}, {\mathrm{SO}}_3^{2-} and {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} are determined by means of ion chromatograph.The content of S^2- is determined by means of fully automatic flow injection analyzer.The content of S_x^{2-}(x>1) is obtained through calculation by subtraction method.It is verified by the results that S₂ O_3^{2-}, {\mathrm{SO}}_3^{2-}, {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-},S^2-and total S (counting on {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}) have a good linear relationship,and the linear correlation coefficients are between 0.999 5 and 0.999 9.The recoveries are in the range of 93.6%-108.1%,and the precision is in the range of 0.7%-3.4%.This method can be used to determine rapidly various sulfur ions simultaneously in the same gold extraction system,and can be used as a method to determine the conversion forms of sulfur and the contents of various sulfur forms in the gold-bearing pyrite leaching process under alkaline environment.

To address the challenges from detecting amphenicol drugs residues in eggs,a novel external standard method based on matrix-matched calibration curves is developed to avoid the high cost and poor linearity associated with the internal standard method specified in China’s GB 31658.20 standard.In this study,a mixture of ethyl acetate and ammonia water is used as the extraction solvent to process the samples that are further purified through combining with mixed strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction technology.Detection is performed by using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).Experimental results demonstrate that this method exhibits excellent linear relationships (r>0.99) for chloramphenicol,florfenicol,thiamphenicol,and florfenicol amine in egg matrices.Furthermore,the detection limits and quantification limits of this method are as low as 0.024-0.096 μg·kg^-1 and 0.080-0.32 μg·kg^-1,respectively,both below China’s current national standards.It is further verified through spiked recovery experiments that the average recovery rate is 78.25%-96.70%,and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2.0% to 8.7%.This method is suitable for screening and quantitatively analyzing amphenicol drugs and their metabolites remained in eggs,providing an accurate,reliable,and cost-effective solution for food safety testing.